What is a heart attack?
A heart attack, medically termed a myocardial infarction, is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked. The heart, a vital organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, relies on a network of blood vessels known as coronary arteries to deliver oxygen-rich blood to its muscle tissue.
The primary culprit behind a heart attack is often atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque within the coronary arteries. Plaque is a substance composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. Over time, this plaque can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.
When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form at the site of the rupture, further obstructing blood flow. This sudden blockage deprives a portion of the heart muscle of oxygen and nutrients, causing it to die. The extent of heart damage depends on the location and duration of the blockage.
The symptoms of a heart attack can vary widely among individuals, but common signs include:
- Chest pain or discomfort: This is often described as a squeezing, pressure, fullness, or tightness in the center of the chest.
- Shortness of breath
- Pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper body, such as the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach
- Cold sweat
- Nausea or vomiting
- Lightheadedness or dizziness
- Fatigue
- Weakness
It's crucial to recognize the signs of a heart attack and seek immediate medical attention. Prompt treatment, such as medication to dissolve the clot or a procedure to open the blocked artery, can significantly reduce heart damage and improve the chances of survival.
Prevention of heart attacks involves adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking. Managing risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes is also essential.
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